Dry Eye Disease

Dry eye disease (DED), also known as dry eye syndrome or keratoconjunctivitis sicca, is a condition where the eyes do not produce enough tears or the tears evaporate too quickly. Tears are essential for maintaining the health of the front surface of the eye and for providing clear vision. When tear production is inadequate or the tears are of poor quality, it can lead to discomfort, irritation, inflammation, and potential damage to the surface of the eye.

Common symptoms of dry eye disease include:

• Dryness
• Irritation or scratchiness
• Grittiness or feeling like something is in the eye
• Excessive tearing (as the eyes try to compensate for dryness)
• Blurred vision
• Sensitivity to light
• Redness
• Eye fatigue

There are various causes of dry eye disease, including:

• Aging: Tear production tends to decrease with age.
• Environmental factors: Exposure to wind, smoke, dry air, or air conditioning can exacerbate dry eye symptoms.
• Medical conditions: Conditions such as Sjögren's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, and diabetes can increase the risk of dry eye disease.
• Medications: Some medications, including antihistamines, decongestants, antidepressants, and certain blood pressure medications, can cause dry eye symptoms as a side effect.
• Hormonal changes: Hormonal fluctuations, such as those that occur during menopause or pregnancy, can affect tear production.
• Eye conditions: Conditions such as blepharitis, meibomian gland dysfunction, and eyelid abnormalities can contribute to dry eye symptoms.

Treatment for dry eye disease aims to alleviate symptoms and improve tear production and quality. This may include the use of artificial tears, prescription eye drops, medications to reduce inflammation, lifestyle changes, and in some cases, procedures or surgeries to block tear drainage or improve tear production.