Ocular Surface Diseases

Ocular surface diseases (OSDs) are a group of disorders affecting the surface of the eye, primarily involving the cornea, conjunctiva, and tear film. These diseases can significantly impact vision and quality of life. Key aspects of ocular surface diseases include:

• Dry Eye Disease (DED): One of the most common OSDs, characterized by a deficiency in tear production or excessive tear evaporation, leading to symptoms such as irritation, redness, and a gritty sensation.
• Allergic Conjunctivitis: An inflammatory response of the conjunctiva due to allergens like pollen, dust, or pet dander, causing itching, redness, and swelling.
• Blepharitis: Inflammation of the eyelids, often due to bacterial infection or skin conditions like seborrheic dermatitis. Symptoms include redness, itching, and crusting around the eyelashes.
• Meibomian Gland Dysfunction (MGD): A condition where the meibomian glands in the eyelids do not secrete enough oil into the tears, leading to evaporative dry eye. This can cause discomfort and blurred vision.
• Infectious Conjunctivitis: Infections of the conjunctiva, such as bacterial or viral conjunctivitis, commonly known as "pink eye," which can cause redness, discharge, and irritation.
• Corneal Ulcers and Infections: Serious conditions where the cornea becomes ulcerated due to infections, injuries, or other underlying issues. These can be vision-threatening and require prompt medical attention.
• Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN): Severe, often drug-induced, reactions that affect the skin and mucous membranes, including the eyes, leading to extensive damage and scarring.
• Pterygium: A benign growth of the conjunctiva that can extend onto the cornea, often linked to excessive exposure to ultraviolet light and wind.
• Graft Versus Host Disease (GVHD): A complication of bone marrow transplantation where the donor immune cells attack the recipient's tissues, including the ocular surface, causing severe inflammation and dryness.
• Neurotrophic Keratopathy: A degenerative disease caused by impaired corneal innervation, leading to reduced corneal sensitivity, impaired healing, and increased risk of corneal damage.

Treatment for ocular surface diseases depends on the specific condition and its severity, and it may include lubricating eye drops, anti-inflammatory medications, antibiotics, lifestyle changes, or surgical interventions. Managing underlying systemic conditions and environmental factors is also crucial for preventing and alleviating symptoms of OSDs. Regular consultations with an eye care professional are essential for proper diagnosis and treatment.